Struck-by (SB) and Caught Between (CBT) Accidents

Being struck by an object is one of the most common accidents that cause death, especially in the construction industry. A struck-by accident (SB) occurs when a person is forcefully struck by an object, wherein the force of contact is provided by the object. Workers are most often struck by heavy equipment and moving vehicles, falling or flying objects, and concrete or masonry walls being constructed, causing severe physical trauma that usually leads to death.

On the other hand, caught-between (CBT) accidents occur when a person is crushed, pinched, or caught between a moving object and a stationary object, or between two moving objects. These accidents can result to injuries like bruises, cuts, and scalping to mangled and amputated body parts, and even death.

Both of these accidents can be avoided if safety practices are implemented.

• Establish a route to allow employees and pedestrian to pass to and from places of employment without passing under, over, behind, or between equipment and vehicles at a certain distance. Check with your state regulations for the specific distance required. Workers shall not be allowed to pass through areas where there is a danger of being struck by or getting caught between moving vehicles.
• Inspect all vehicles before and after every shift to see if everything is in good working condition, especially the brakes, rear lights, and rear view mirrors.
• Don’t forget to lock out and tag out before clearing a jam, repairing, or servicing a machine or vehicle. Vehicles, powered doors, and forklifts can pose a crush hazard unless they’ve been blocked or tagged out. Never place your body under or between powered equipment unless it is de-energized. Immediately report and replace equipment that isn’t working properly.
• If the equipment doesn’t have a reverse signal alarm loud enough to be heard against the surrounding noise level, designate an employee to signal when it’s safe to back up when the operator has an obstructed view to the rear. Never operate if there is not enough illumination.
• Check for pinch points in moving machineries. Avoid wearing loose clothes or jewelry that can get caught. Never reach into a machine or under the machine and tool guards while it is still moving or parts of it are still moving. Immediately report missing or broken barriers.
• Be careful when lifting objects whether manually or using tools or cranes. An accident can be as simple as getting your fingers and toes crushed or as deadly as being struck by a heavy object falling on you.
• Wearing the proper personal protective equipment is very critical to surviving SB and CBT accidents, but you can also avoid them by being alert and staying focused on your tasks.

On a side note, the National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2008 shows that the rate of fatal injuries for US workers has gone down compared to year 2007.  However, the report also notes the economy as one factor that caused the fatality decrease. There were less people working in 2008 than in 2007, particularly in the construction industry which historically accounts for the most worker fatalities. Apparently, the decline may not be significantly attributed to safer work practices. Employers and workers will need to exert more effort in keeping their workplaces safe to continually lessen the rate of work-related deaths.

Virginia Adopts Regulation for Reverse Signal Operation

Vehicles used in the construction and general industry that has “obstructed view to the rear” will need to be revved up to meet the latest safety rule driven by the Virginia Occupational Safety and Health (VOSH) Program and the Virginia Safety and Health Codes Board.  If there is anything that is blocking a driver’s view, the vehicles are now required to have the following for a safe back-up:

1. a working and backup alarm that must be audible above the surrounding noise AND
2. (a) a designated observer or ground guide who must be able to say if it is safe to back up or not OR

(b) visual inspection of the vehicle’s path by the driver before the operation

This new regulation, published last August 17, will be effective on September 18, 2009.  “Obstructed view to the rear” is anything that interferes with a driver’s view such as the following:

1. structural members of the vehicle
2. the vehicle’s load like
   1. gravel
   2. dirt
   3. machinery parts
3. the vehicle’s height relative to the ground level viewing
4. damage to windows, side mirrors, etc. used for rearview movement
5. restricted visibility due to weather conditions such as
   1. heavy fog
   2. heavy snow
6. work done after dark with no proper lighting

If you will be a ground guide or you will be working with one, here are some rules that you must follow:

1. Be trained.  Follow the requirements of this regulation.
2. When a vehicle is backing up, stay in the line of sight of the driver.
3. During daytime, wear a safety vest/jacket in orange, yellow, strong yellow green or a fluorescent version of these colors.
4. During nighttime, wear a safety vest/jacket with retroreflective material in orange, yellow, white, silver, strong yellow green or a fluorescent version of these colors.  Make sure that it is visible at a minimum distance of 1,000 feet.
5. Do not use a cell phone, headphones, or other equipment that may distract.
6. Do not do anything not related to the vehicle being signaled.
7. Do not walk near the vehicle that is backing.

If you are the driver or operator of the vehicle, here are some reminders for you:

1. Be trained.  Know and abide by the regulations of this regulation.
2. If you are working with a ground guide, do not lose sight of him.  If you do, stop the vehicle immediately until you see the ground guide again and you have received signal from him to restart the operation.

If you are an employee within the area, do not cross the path in close proximity to a vehicle while it is backing up.

If you are a ground guide or a driver and you violated this new regulation, been involved in a reverse operation accident or near miss, or received an evaluation indicating you have not been operating in a safe manner; you must undergo a refresher training.

For the complete information and training materials available, you may visit the VOSH page of The Virginia Department of Labor and Industry.

Fatal Forklift Accident in Ohio

A worksite accident last July 15 left one casualty at Appleton Paper in West Carrollton, Ohio. The worker, William Wilson, got his legs trapped under a beam that fell from a forklift. The heavy beam, a spreader bar, had to be crane-lifted off of the victim by the emergency crew that responded to the accident. Though Wilson was rushed to the Miami Valley Hospital, he later died due to complications. He was 39 years old.

Initial reports had stated that the accident involved a fallen crane, but was later on clarified as a spreader bar that fell from a forklift being used on the plant. OSHA has yet to do further investigations, as well as has stated that it could take more than two weeks before investigations finish and the real cause of the accident is determined. Due to this incident and the obvious need to do equipment checks and maintenance on the plant site, Appleton Paper was shut down.

Such accidents and casualties in the workplace can be prevented, given the implementation and observance of safe work practices such as regular equipment maintenance, proper lockout/tag-out procedures, safe and skillful operation of powered industrial equipment, secure rigging, and sufficient hazard communication in the area. The management and owners should be the first to assert such safety on the jobsite, with the safety and welfare of their workers in mind. Notwithstanding, the workers have to strive alongside the management as well in making sure that their safety is looked out for in the workplace. Together, further unfortunate incidents such as this can be avoided.

3 Deaths Point to Machine and Equipment Accidents

Three separate deaths of workers in Michigan, Oregon and Pennsylvania, occurred last week due to accidents while using machinery tools and equipment.

The first incident in Michigan involved a 21-year-old window washer who fell while rigging down the Grand Rapids Art Museum on Wednesday afternoon.  Reports say that his rig gave way as he made his way down from the roof of the building.

The second death happened in North Portland on Wednesday night while a man was operating a 40-foot lathe and got caught in it.  None of his co-workers saw what happened until they heard noises and that’s when they turned off the machine.

The last incident in Northern Pennsylvania on Thursday was a drilling accident where a worker’s skull was crushed when his head was caught between a control box and a drilling rig.

OSHA is looking into all three cases.

Let’s look at some issues that were raised from these three incidents and what needs to be done to avoid them from happening in your workplace.

1.  For the window washer incident, why did the rig give way?  Was it not properly anchored?  Was it too windy?

• First and foremost, always remember that you need a certificate on professional window washing before you can do the task.
• Since you’ll be working on suspended platforms, keep your tools to a minimum.  Bring only what is necessary.  Know the platform’s load capacity and do not overload it.
• Also, keep the platform clean (oil- and grease-free) and clutter-free so that you avoid any slipping or tripping accident.
• Check that the supports and anchors of the platform are strong enough.
• Be knowledgeable of fall protection systems.  Wear the appropriate body harnesses.  See to it that all connections are fastened, locked and secured.
• As much as possible, do not wash windows on windy days, especially at high altitudes.  This is dangerous.  Clean when the weather is more peaceful.

2.  For lathe safety, remember that it is your responsibility to safely operate and properly maintain the machine.  The following are some tips for you:

• Read, understand and follow the owner’s manual.
• Taking off from the second incident, do not wear loose clothes and dangling accessories that might get caught in moving or rotating parts of the machine and might pull you towards it.  If you have long hair, tie it.
• Remove objects from the lathe bed before turning it on.
• Keep your hands away from moving parts.  Specific lathe parts should be guarded.
• Wear durable PPE that will protect your eyes from flying objects.
• Wear sturdy and closed shoes that will protect your feet from any sharp objects on the floor or that might fall on the floor.
• Start a lathe at low speed and then increase the speed gradually if necessary.
• Never leave a lathe that is turned on.

3.  For drilling safety that refers to the last incident, here are useful reminders for you.

• Wear hard hats all the time.  Use gloves when working with ropes.
• Don’t forget to install machine guards and other safeguards where necessary.
• Use forklifts properly.
• Make sure your pipe racks are leveled properly.
• When there are suspended or moving pipes and other objects, remember to stand clear.  Always be aware of your environment.  Keep your hands away from moving chains.
• Use the proper techniques in handling pipes, tools and equipment.  Apply proper hand placement.
• Keep your work area clutter-free and oil- and grease-free.
• Lubricate what needs to be lubricated.  Make sure everything is in good condition.
• Keep all machines and equipment clean and well-maintained.

The above safety tips and reminders are just some things that you have to keep in mind.  Constant training is very important for you to escape death from machine and equipment accidents.  Yes, these accidents happen; but remember, they can be avoided.  Stay safe at work!

What You Need to Know about OSHA’s 10/30 Training Requirement (And yes—it is a requirement)

There are a whole lot of things to know about safety on the job, especially if one belongs to the general industry or construction industry. This is why the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is very strict in making sure that workers (especially new ones) get the orientation, training, and education they need with regards to safety while on the job.

Thus, the 10 and 30 (also read as 10/30) Hour Training requirement by OSHA for workers under the General Industry and Construction Industry. Read on and learn more about this OSHA-required safety program.

What is the OSHA 10 and 30 Hour Training Program?
The OSHA 10/30 Outreach Training Program is OSHA’s primary way to train workers in the basics of occupational safety and health. The OSHA 10/30 Hour Outreach Training Programs were developed by the OSHA Training Institute with the intent to assist employers in training and introducing employees to the basic practices of identifying, reducing, eliminating, and reporting hazards associated with their work.

Is there a difference between the 10/30 Training for General Industry and Construction?
Yes. There are different courses and topics covered under the General Industry and Construction, respectively. More on them as we move on in this article.

So, what is there to know about the 10-Hour Training Program for General Industry?
The OSHA 10-Hour Training Program for General industry is ideally for supervisors with safety and health responsibilities as well as for employee safety and health awareness. Students will be introduced to OSHA policies, procedures and standards, as well as general industry safety and health principles covered in OSHA Act Part 1910. Special emphasis will be placed on areas most hazardous, as indicated in OSHA standards. Upon successful completion of the course, participants will receive an OSHA 10-Hour General Industry Outreach DOL course completion card within 4-6 weeks.

How about the 10-Hour Training Program for Construction?
The OSHA 10-Hour Training Program for Construction is designed for construction workers, foremen, job supervisors, and anyone involved in the construction industry. OSHA recommends Outreach Training Program courses as an orientation to occupational safety and health for workers covered by OSHA 29 CFR 1926. Workers must receive additional training, when required by OSHA standards, on the specific hazards of the job. Upon successful completion of the course, participants will receive an OSHA 10-Hour Construction Outreach DOL course completion card within 4-6 weeks. In a nutshell, this course is designed for construction workers as an ideal orientation to those who are new to the industry and as a reminder to those who have been working in the industry of the hazards associated with their work.

Let’s move on to the 30-Hour Training Program. How is it different from the 10-Hour?
Aside from the extra hours you have to put in, there are also more topics and courses covered in the 30-Hour.

Is it much like the 10-Hour Program, where the General Industry courses differ from the Construction courses?
Yes, of course. The OSHA 30-Hour Construction Industry Outreach Training course is a comprehensive safety program designed for anyone involved in the construction industry or workers covered by OSHA 29 CFR 1926. Specifically devised for safety directors, foremen, and field supervisors; the program provides complete information on OSHA compliance issues. Construction workers must receive additional training, when required by OSHA standards, on specific hazards of the job. On the other hand, the OSHA 30-Hour General Industry Outreach Training course is a comprehensive safety program designed for anyone involved in the general industry or workers covered by OSHA 29 CFR 1910. Specifically devised for safety directors, foremen, and field supervisors, this program also provides complete information on OSHA compliance issues. General industry workers must receive additional training, when required by OSHA standards, on specific hazards of the job.

Who can participate in the program or take the courses?
You can take the courses from those who offer special training services as an individual student (not part of a group/company), as a student (part of a group/company or multiple students), or as an administrator (part of a company).

What are the courses available?
As already stated, the courses are mainly categorized in these two: General Industry and Construction. There are a variety of courses (all OSHA mandated and recommended) under the two main categories, both in the 10-Hour and 30-Hour Program. Aside from the mandatory courses, elective courses can also be taken. Mandatory courses are required and recommended by OSHA while elective courses can be taken to suit specific needs.

Do we have to complete the hours of the specific program?
Yes. Know that all OSHA 10- and 30-hour course pages are timed per OSHA guidelines. This ensures that students spend up to 10 and/or 30 hours in the mandatory courses. Six months (or 180 days) are given to complete the training courses.

Do we have to take tests or examinations to pass the training course?
Yes. Most training programs include quizzes and examinations that will test your competency and knowledge of the course you took. Some training programs have more stringent passing requirements (pass every lesson, pass the final exam with a grade of at least 70%, maximum attempts for quizzes/exams only). Failure to meet exam qualifications may also eliminate students from the program as well as from receiving their certification cards.

What happens after completion of the courses?
Upon finishing the mandatory courses, the records (logs of hours put in, results of exams/quizzes, skills training logs) will be processed. If all the requirements are sufficiently met, and when found to be qualified by OSHA, the student will now receive the course completion card or certification.

Where can I take these courses? Where are they available?

Safety Services Company has a 10/30 Training Kit that meets the standards of the OSHA 10/30 Training Program. You can learn more about it by visiting our site and requesting information.

We hope that this article has somehow enlightened you on the basics of OSHA’s 10/30 Training Program. Feel free to contact us if you have further inquiries. We’d be glad to get in touch with you and be of any assistance. Remember that the 10/30 Training Program is required by OSHA. Compliance is for everyone’s good, after all. Get trained and stay safe!

New OSHA Information Published: Skid-Steer Loader, Cable Tray Hazards and Process Safety Management

There’s no better time to drop by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) website than now when the agency just published helpful information about skid-steer loaders safety, cable tray hazards and process safety management. Concerns about the first two subjects were addressed through the latest SHIBs (Safety and Health Information Bulletins) published in the website.

Equipment and Tool Safety

The Skid-steer Loader SHIB emphasizes the safety features of the equipment that are often defeated, bypassed or improperly maintained. The Cable Tray SHIB titled “Safely Installing, Maintaining and Inspecting Cable Trays” discusses the hazards that come with overloading cable trays. It looks into the matter further by identifying specific OSHA and National Electric Code requirements that help avoid these hazards.

Safety with Process Materials

To say that working with or near hazardous chemicals can cause fatalities is an understatement. OSHA recognizes this huge risk that’s why it produced the new resource Process Safety Management Depends on You!. This SHIB, which comes in the form of a poster and a QuickCard, is basically a helpful reminder to employers and employees about how critical it is to properly manage hazards in processing highly hazardous chemicals.

Companies in and near Illinois have the opportunity to learn more about process safety management by attending a three-day seminar on the subject. This will be held on March 16-18 in Naperville, Ill. Just click HERE to begin registration for the course.

Related Links:

Proper Management of Hazardous Chemicals: Plan and Training for Workers

13 Safety Tips on Handling Loads with Forklifts

Tips on Using All Terrain Vehicles (ATVs)

All about Material Safety Data Sheets

5 Distractions that Cause Workplace Hazards

Heavy Equipment Safety: Basic Safety Tips in Bulldozer Operations

Safety Tipbits: Compilation of Tips and Safety Measures in February

1.   MSHA Update: Fire Prevention in Mining Sites with Better Conveyor Belts

Better selection of conveyor belts may just save a life. As a matter of fact, they can save hundreds of lives in a mining site by preventing fire hazards. That is, if they have an improved flame-resistant quality.

The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) recently published a final rule implementing the use of belt air. This is based on a recommendation given by…(read more)

2.  Safety for Maintenance Workers: PPE for Gardeners

Among  various jobs in the maintenance industry, gardening is probably the most fun.  Not only can you work outdoors, you also get the chance to be in touch with nature. If you think about it, gardening can be one relaxing job.

But you can barely relax when you’re faced with hazards like heat stress, blindness, amputation and falls.  That’s right.  Apparently, the most fun maintenance job can be…(read more)

3.  Manufacturing Safety: Safe Operation of Robots or Robotics Systems

Forget dogs. Robots are humans’ best friends. They may not be fond of fetching twigs or licking your feet, but you can rely on them when it comes to accomplishing tasks half the time. This is the very reason why they are ideal helpers in factories and other manufacturing facilities. Not only can an industrial robot be designed to finish jobs assigned to ten people, it can be very useful in…(read more)

4.  Ergonomics in Grocery Warehouses: Safe Handling of Products and Packages

Grocery shopping can be a worthwhile activity. It can even be fun and therapeutic, especially when you don’t have to shove your way past other customers just to get your chosen brand of cereal or laundry detergent.

What we don’t know, though, is that it takes a lot of work to make the products we need presentable on shelves and counters in grocery stores. In fact, just in handling and carrying these…(read more)

5.  Equipment Safety: OSHA Standards in the Safe Use of Laser

The construction industry benefits from the many wonders of laser technology. In construction sites, laser is used in leveling and elevatio

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set general requirements for the use of laser. These requirements are…(read more)

6.  Equipment Safety: Guidelines in Working in a Machine Shop

Cuts, burns, blindness, electrocution, amputation, name it. Almost every kind of hazard can be found in a machine shop. There’s no telling what could befall any machinist, technician or apprentice as they go through their day-to-day job. That is, unless they learn to control all hazards that may cause them their health, or worse, their life.

If you happen to be working in a machine shop…(read more)

7.  Chemical Safety: Guidelines in Charging Batteries

Imagine a world where batteries don’t exist. Vehicles won’t run as fast as they do. Heavy machinery would take time to operate. Different industries in the whole world won’t be able to finish tasks with best results at the least amount of time.

But despite their indispensability, batteries can be a big threat to any worker’s health. Their chemicals have the potential to burn the skin, poison the lungs and irritate the digest system. That’s why special safety precautions must be applied when…(read more)

8.  Mining Safety: Tips on Working Safely with Methane

A day in the mine is always a day of adventure. Working underground or near excavations presents many hazards, most of which can lead to fatalities. One among these hazards is overexposure to methane.

Methane has the ability to kill in two ways. One, it can easily cause an explosion when ignited with a spark or a flame. Two, in high concentrated levels, it can…(read more)

Fleet Safety News: Engine Trouble May Have Caused Turkish Airlines Plane Crash in Amsterdam

Issue about Aircraft Maintenance

Turkish Airlines was accused of failing to perform necessary procedures in aircraft maintenance a week before the accident happened. The Turkish Civil Aviation Union even published an announcement on its website, saying that Turkish Airlines “is ignoring the most basic function of flight safety, which is plane maintenance services.”

Turkish Airlines executives and officials from Turkey’s Transportation Ministry said the last inspection on the Boeing 737-800 was on December 22.

Passengers and Survivors

Onboard the plane were 134 people (127 passengers and seven crew members) who came from at least nine different countries. Among them were seven Americans, 3 Britons, and one person each from Germany, Finland, Bulgaria, Italy, and Taiwan. Most of the passengers were Turkish and Dutch nationals.

According to Theo Weterings, mayor of the nearby town of Haarlemmereer, 63 of the 121 survivors examined by medics were being treated. Six of them were still in critical condition.

Engine Trouble

Investigations are still ongoing, although Turkish officials have already ruled out weather conditions as a cause of the crash. Pieter Van Vollenhoven, head of the Dutch Safety Authority, which investigates the cause of the crash, said analysis of the plane’s flight data recorders in Paris are expected to be completed this Friday.

But he said his agency probably won’t be making a preliminary finding until next week. Right now, evidence is pointing towards the possibility of the plane’s engines having stalled, which caused it to fall almost directly from the sky.

Fleet Safety and Fleet Monitoring

As with any country in the world, fleet safety is an important issue in the United States. While flying is the safest way to travel, a plane accident, particularly a plane crash, often becomes a tragedy.

Some airline companies, though, take the safer road by educating themselves with a Fleet Safety Program that helps them avoid injury, property damage, as well as costs related to fuel, repair and maintenance. Others take the extra mile by implementing a

Fleet Monitoring Program that reduces the tendency of aggressive and abusive driving of company vehicles.

Related Links:

Fleet Safety Advisor

Safety Meeting Resources

Equipment Safety: Guidelines in Working in a Machine Shop

Cuts, burns, blindness, electrocution, amputation, name it. Almost every kind of hazard can be found in a machine shop. There’s no telling what could befall any machinist, technician or apprentice as they go through their day-to-day job. That is, unless they learn to control all hazards that may cause them their health, or worse, their life.

If you happen to be working in a machine shop, here are guidelines you should remember and follow to keep yourself safe as you accomplish your tasks:

• Wear PPE (personal protective equipment) appropriate to the job.

• Always wear safety goggles or safety glasses whether or not you’re operating a machine. Otherwise, chips and other debris from co-worker’s machines could fly into your eyes.

• Wear safety gloves every time you have to work with hazardous chemicals and objects with sharp points or edges. The same is true when you’re exposed to such hazards as skin abrasions, excessively high or low temperature, electrical shock, and vibration.

• Employers must provide employees with respirators that comply with OSHA regulations. This is only after evaluating the feasibility of installing engineering controls like fume hoods or general ventilations systems.

• Skimpy clothing, loose clothing, torn clothing and unrestrained hair are big no-no’s as they cause discomfort and may pose the threat of entanglement.

• Never wear sandals, cloth sneakers or perforated shoes in areas where chemicals are used or mechanical work is performed. It’s advisable to don smocks for minor chemical spills and splashes or rubber or plastic aprons for corrosive or irritating liquids.

• Before operating a machine, inspect it thoroughly for missing or loose bolts, nuts, screws and other components.

• Check if all appropriate guards are secure.

• Never rush machine speeds or feeds. This can result to your injury or damage of tools or machinery.

• Never leave machines unattended.

• While operating the machine, listen to it carefully. If something does not sound right, immediately turn it off and thoroughly inspect it for problems.

• Ensure that you follow proper lockout/blockout procedures before servicing, repairing or maintaining a machine.

• Never horseplay in the machine shop.

• Always clean up a machine after you’re done using it. Besides being uncomfortable to use, a dirty machine can result to injury.

• Never use compressed air to blow machines clean. This can cause flying particle hazards and may force dirt into machine bearings.

• Make sure all walkways and personnel traffic areas are clear of all kinds of scrap. All work areas must be free of clutter, debris and trip hazards.

• Keep all surfaces in the work area clean. Ensure that all platforms and floors are free of grease, oil and spill hazards.

Related Links:

Better Safety with Machine Guards: Basics and Proper Use

Top 7 Tips on Using the 2006 Census to Improve Workplace Safety

Lockout Tagout Basics : Machinery Tags (When Absence Means Trouble)

OSHA’s Top 10 Most Cited Violations

Equipment Safety: OSHA Standards in the Safe Use of Laser

The construction industry benefits from the many wonders of laser technology. In construction sites, laser is used in leveling and elevations alignment applications, as well as in precision cutting and grading.

General Safety Measures

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set general requirements for the use of laser. These requirements are under the Nonionizing Radiation standard.

Below are some of the general requirements and safety precautions for laser use.

• Warning signs or placards must be posted in areas where lasers are used.

• All laser equipment must bear a label that indicates its maximum output.

• Laser units used in operation should be set above the heads of employees.

• When laser transmission is not required, the laser should be turned off or the beam shutters or caps should be utilized.

• The laser must be turned off before leaving it unattended.

• The laser beam must never be directed at workers.

• Only electronic or mechanical means should be used as detectors for guiding the alignment of the laser.

• Workers must be provided with anti-laser eye protection when there is potential exposure to direct or reflected laser light greater than five milliwatts.

• Laser operations should be prohibited when it rains or snows or when there is fog or dust in the air.

Harmful Laser Exposures

Workers must never be exposed to non-ionizing radiation light intensities above the following standard values:

• Direct Staring – one micro-watt per square centimeter (applies when workers are required to or are likely to look directly into the beam to perform their work)

• Incidental Observing – one milliwatt per square centimeter (applies when workers are not required to look directly into the laser or are unlikely to do so)

• Diffused Reflected Light – two and one half watts per square centimeter

• Microwave Power Densities – ten milliwatts per square centimeter

Related Links:

PPE and How It Can Save Your Life – Part 1

OSHA Announces Top 10 Most Cited Violations

Proper Welding PPE and Safety Measures for Better Fire Protection

PPE and How It Can Save Your Life – Part 2

Top 10 OSHA Fines for Small Companies